Uzbekistan’s hydropower development projects along the Naryn River have sparked tensions with neighboring Kyrgyzstan, exacerbating the latter's existing water resource woes, the Times of Central Asia reported. The construction of six hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) by Uzbekistan’s Uzbekhydroenergo, with a total capacity of 228 megawatts, has raised concerns in Kyrgyzstan, which relies on water exchanges with Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in exchange for electricity.
The $434mn Uzbekhydroenergo project aims to generate up to 1 bn kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, catering to the needs of approximately 430,000 households in Uzbekistan. This initiative is expected to save the country up to 310 mn cubic meters of gas per year, mitigating energy shortages that have led Uzbekistan to seek support from Russia.
The surplus energy from the hydropower plants will be distributed to neighboring regions, primarily in the Fergana Valley, ensuring a steady energy supply during peak consumption periods. However, Kyrgyzstan, which faces an increasing demand for electricity, particularly during the fall and winter seasons, finds itself grappling with water scarcity exacerbated by Uzbekistan's hydropower ventures.
Kyrgyzstan’s reliance on importing 3 bn kWh of electricity from neighboring states during winter is reciprocated by providing water in the summer months. However, dwindling water levels in the Toktogul Reservoir, currently at 7.7 bn cubic meters compared to the normal level of 17.3 bn cubic meters, pose challenges. Talaibek Baigaziev, Kyrgyz Deputy Energy Minister, warns of potential blackouts if water levels continue to decline, with Toktogul HPP operations at risk if levels drop below 6.5 bn cubic meters.
In response to its own energy needs, Kyrgyzstan plans to launch 11 HPPs in 2024, with concerns raised by experts about the impact of such large-scale projects on regional water resources. Kazakhstani experts have echoed similar concerns, noting the potential exacerbation of water shortages in the region, where water scarcity is already a pressing issue.
Environmental experts like Bulat Yesekin emphasize the adverse effects of large HPPs on water supply and environmental sustainability, advocating for the preservation of natural river regimes. The construction of HPPs in border areas raises transnational concerns, as altering river courses can disrupt ecosystems, biodiversity, fisheries, agriculture, and increase flood risks.
The relationship between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, established in 1991 after their independence from the Soviet Union, is a blend of collaboration and occasional strain. Despite historical ties, disputes over borders and resources have emerged. Both nations engage in bilateral agreements covering trade, transportation, security, and cultural exchange. Economic ties are significant, with membership in regional organizations facilitating cooperation. Water management, particularly regarding shared rivers, has been a source of contention. Efforts to enhance cultural, humanitarian, and security cooperation are ongoing. However, periodic tensions arise, often related to border issues or disagreements over water resources. While historical and cultural connections persist, the relationship between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan evolves through a mix of collaboration and occasional challenges.
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