Central Asia, a region characterized by its arid landscapes and diverse cultures, is grappling with a multitude of environmental challenges that pose severe consequences for both its ecosystems and the livelihoods of its people. As the region's governments confront these issues, there is an urgent need for collaborative, innovative solutions that extend beyond national borders.
Aral Crisis: Catastrophic Consequences Unveiled
At the forefront of Central Asia's environmental challenges is the ongoing crisis surrounding the Aral Sea. The diminishing water level, primarily attributed to climate factors and excessive irrigation, has resulted in catastrophic consequences. The exposed dry bed of the Aral Sea, spanning over 38,000 square kilometers, has become a significant source of harmful emissions. Annually, 75 mn tons of sand and dust, along with 65 mn tons of fine salts, are released into the atmosphere, impacting air quality and ecosystems. This dust-salt mixture has even reached the glaciers of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, accelerating their alarming rate of melting. To salvage what remains of the Aral Sea, an integrated, multi-sectoral approach involving cooperation among all regional states is imperative.
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan has been a stalwart advocate for addressing the dire situation of the Aral Sea on the global stage. At the UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) in the United Arab Emirates, he underscored the severe impacts of climate change on Central Asia, particularly emphasizing the unfolding Aral Sea catastrophe. His impassioned plea aimed to draw global attention to the unique challenges faced by the region.
"In our region, the increase in air temperature is twice as high as the global average indicator. In recent years, the number of extremely hot days has increased two times, and one-third of the glaciers have melted down completely. Soil erosion is impacting the lifestyle of over 30mn people in our region, and strong sand and dust storms are becoming the new normal," President Mirziyoyev highlighted.
Water Challenge: Tackling Scarcity Head-On
Central Asia faces a critical water challenge, exacerbated by climate change and inconsistent regional water management policies. With agriculture being a crucial driver of the region's economy and the livelihood of over 50% of its population, water scarcity poses a significant threat. Approximately 90% of the region's water is used for agriculture, but the efficiency of irrigation systems is below 50%. This inefficiency, coupled with internal water problems like pollution and inadequate drinking water supply, jeopardizes food security. To mitigate these issues, Central Asian governments must adopt new, efficient water management methods such as drip irrigation systems and embrace water-saving technologies.
Uzbekistan currently ranks 25th among 164 nations facing the most significant water stress globally. This challenge is expected to intensify with a projected population of nearly 40 mn by 2030, heightening the prevailing water deficit from 13-14% to a concerning 44-46%. The consequential impacts on the nation's essential agricultural and industrial sectors are imminent.
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev's recent expression of deep concern regarding a 15% decrease in the flow of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers over the next two decades emphasizes the pressing need to address water resource challenges. His call for collective efforts to instill the understanding that "water is not free" among the population underscores the urgency of the situation.
"The main task should be to inculcate the idea that 'water is not free' in the population, turning it into a rule of daily life with neighborhood activists, intellectuals, and the general public," President Mirziyoyev emphasized.
Melting Glaciers: A Global Threat with Local Consequences
Central Asia's glaciers, particularly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, are retreating due to global climate change. The economic repercussions, including increased mudflows and natural disasters, are causing damage ranging from 0.4% to 1.3% of the annual GDP of affected countries. Tajikistan, a significant water donor to the region, faces a potential water shortage affecting agriculture and hydropower. To safeguard against these consequences, the region must explore sustainable alternatives to water and energy resources.
President Emomali Rahmon of Tajikistan issued a stark warning about the diminishing glaciers during the "Global Action to Preserve Glaciers" event in Dubai. Attributing their loss to the escalating impacts of global warming, President Rahmon referenced the 2019 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Oceanic and Cryospheric Climate Change, which ominously projected the potential disappearance of a third of the world's glaciers by the end of the century.
"Since glaciers play an important role in protecting the environment and solving economic and social problems in all regions of the world, their melting is a concern for everyone on the planet," President Rahmon stressed.
President Rahmon is not the sole advocate for addressing the critical state of glaciers. President Sadyr Japarov of the Kyrgyz Republic echoed similar sentiments at the One Planet Polar Summit in Paris. He urged global leaders and experts to join forces in a united commitment to preserve glaciers and protect the vital zones responsible for water resource formation.
Climate Change and Land Degradation: A Ticking Time Bomb
Central Asia experiences extreme temperatures, with some areas reaching up to 48 degrees Celsius. Predictions indicate a temperature rise of 1-3 degrees by 2030-2050, heightening the risk of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. Droughts, the most significant natural disaster in the region, have caused substantial economic damage, with estimates exceeding $2bn from 2000 to 2016. To ensure agricultural sustainability and reduce the impact of severe droughts, countries in the region must implement technologies that enhance water use efficiency, promote soil moisture retention, and cultivate drought-resistant crops.
The arid climate of Central Asia contributes to land degradation and desertification, primarily driven by population growth in river deltas and climate change. Over 90 mn hectares of land are currently degraded, with Kazakhstan and Tajikistan bearing the brunt. Water erosion affects more than 30 mn hectares, while up to 80% of agricultural land in Uzbekistan is impacted. The region must prioritize sustainable land management practices to combat degradation, incorporating measures to address water erosion and soil salinization.
Addressing the environmental challenges facing Central Asia requires immediate and concerted efforts from regional governments, international organizations, and local communities. Adopting sustainable practices, implementing innovative technologies, and fostering collaborative initiatives are crucial steps toward mitigating the dire consequences of the Aral crisis, water scarcity, melting glaciers, climate change, and land degradation.
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